Shielding Public Health: Indonesian National Police (INP)’s Measure Against COVID-19 Vaccine Certificate Forgery

Authors

  • Kadek Ari Bayuna Polri
  • Ni Made Adnya Suasti Airlangga University
  • Aulia Noprizal Syahputra Nanyang Technological University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35879/jik.v18i2.461

Keywords:

COVID-19 Vaccine Certificate Forgery, Global Comparison, Indonesian National Police

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to discuss the benefits of implementing several strategies carried out during the COVID-19 period. COVID-19 vaccine certificate forgery has posed a threat to public health. The Indonesian National Police (INP) has implemented various strategies to overcome this crime. The intervention strategies involve early detection and prevention, such as cyber patrol, border control, public involvement, and strict law enforcement. Other countries have also carried out similar measures; however, there are several additional strategies, such as the formation of a special force as well as utilizing blockchain technology for a more secure digital vaccine certificate system. These strategies could be a benchmark for the INP in handling cases of letter forgery.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abid, A., Cheikhrouhou, S., Kallel, S., & Jmaiel, M. (2022). NovidChain: Blockchain‐based privacy‐preserving platform for COVID‐19 test/vaccine certificates. Software: Practice and Experience, 52(4), 841-867).

Aisyah, S.N., Zulkarnain & Subarkah, I. (2022). Kriminalisasi terhadap orang yang memberikan keterangan palsu untuk layanan sertifikat vaksinasi, Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Innovation and Application of Science and Technology (CIASTECH 2022), Universitas Widyagama Malang, (p. 261-265).

Ali, V. E., Asika, M. O., Elebesunu, E. E., Agbo, C., & Antwi, M. H. (2024). Cognizance and mitigation of falsified immunization documentation: Analyzing the consequences for public health in Nigeria, with a focus on counterfeited COVID‐19 vaccination cards: A case report. Health Science Reports, 7(2), 1885.

Ambrose. T. (2022, February 14). French anti-vaxxers buying fake Covid passes online. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/14/french-anti-vaxxers-buying-fake-covid-passes-online

Anggraini. F., Washliati, L., & Prasetiasari, C. (2022). Analisis Yuridis penegakan hukum tindak pidana pemalsuan dokumen sertifikat vaksin Covid-19. Kajian Ilmiah Hukum dan Kenegaraan, 1(1), 23-33.

Arifin. B & Anas T. (2021). Lessons learned from COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia: Experiences, challenges, and opportunities. Hum Vaccin Immunother, 17(11), 3898–3906.

Arnold. N. (2022). Covid 19 Omicron outbreak: US man plans on getting into NZ with fake vaccine certificate. The New Zealand Herald. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/covid-19-omicron-outbreak-us-man-plans-on-getting-into-nz-with-fake-vaccine-certificate/EY6KQTX6LCP3DSCUBWR4ZI4EQQ/

BBC News. (2021, June 3). Coronavirus: Germany fights trade in fake Covid vaccine certificates. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57344546

Bowen, G.A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27-40.

Calunsag, C. E., Encina, J. D., Hortilano, R. P., Saya-ang, J. J., Insong, J., & Cuevas Jr, J. F. (2022). Implementation of cross-border requirements: Challenges encountered by the police officer. Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS), 6(2), 154-163.

Childs, A. (2023). The distribution of fake Australian vaccine digital certificates on an alt-tech platform. Trends in organized crime, 26(2), 136-155.

Correia, S., Luck, S., & Verner, E. (2022). Pandemics depress the economy, public health interventions do not: Evidence from the 1918 flu. The Journal of Economic History, 82(4), 917-957.

Dalglish, S. L., Khalid, H., & McMahon, S. A. (2020). Document analysis in health policy research: the READ approach. Health policy and planning, 35(10), 1424-1431.

Dawson, N., Coolsaet, B., Sterling, E., Loveridge, R., Nicole, D., Wongbusarakum, S., & Rosado-May, F. (2021). The role of Indigenous peoples and local communities in effective and equitable conservation. Ecology and Society, 26(3)

Department of State. (2021). Consumer Alert: New York State Division of Consumer Protection Warns New Yorkers About the Risks of Fake COVID-19 Vaccination Cards. https://dos.ny.gov/news/consumer-alert-new-york-state-division-consumer-protection warns-new-yorkers-about-risks-fake

Eisenstadt, M., Ramachandran, M., Chowdhury, N., Third, A., & Domingue, J. (2020). COVID-19 antibody test/vaccination certification: there's an app for that. IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology, 1, 148-155.

Erlin, E. (2023, February 22). Polresta Yogyakarta Ungkap Jual Beli Sertifikat Vaksin Palsu, Pelaku Pegawai Dinkes Kalbar. iNews. https://yogya.inews.id/berita/polresta-yogyakarta-ungkap jual-beli-sertifikat-vaksin-palsu-pelaku-pegawai-dinkes-kalbar

Euractive. (2021, July 5). Italy breaks up fake EU COVID pass schemes. Euroactiv. https://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/italy-breaks-up-fake-eu-covid-pass-schemes/

Europol. (2021). Europol Warning on the Illicit Sale of False Negative COVID-19 Test Certificates. https://www.europol.europa.eu/media-press/newsroom/news/europol-warning-illicit-sale-of-false-negative-covid-19-test certificates#:~:text=As%20long%20as%20travel%20restrictions,Early%20Warning%20Notification%20published%20today

Fastyaningsih, A., Priyantika, D., Widyastuti, F.T., Kismartini, & Herawati, A.R. (2021). Keberhasilan aplikasi PeduliLindungi terhadap kebijakan percepatan vaksinasi dan akses pelayanan publik di Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen dan Kebijakan Publik, 6(2), 95-102.

Fawaidi & Agriesta. (2021, August 30). Polisi Bongkar Sindikat Pembuat Sertifikat Vaksin Covid-19 Palsu, 22 Orang Jadi Tersangka. Kompas. https://regional.kompas.com/read/2021/08/30/194705378/polisi-bongkar-sindikat pembuat-sertifikat-vaksin-covid-19-palsu-22-orang?page=all

Fuady, A., Nuraini, N., Sukandar, K. K., & Lestari, B. W. (2021) ‘Targeted vaccine allocation could increase the COVID-19 vaccine benefits amidst its lack of availability: A mathematical modelling study in Indonesia’ Vaccines, 9(5), (p. 462).

Georgoulias, D., Pedersen, J. M., Falch, M., & Vasilomanolakis, E. (2023). COVID-19 vaccination certificates in the Darkweb. Digital Threats: Research and Practice, 4(1), 1-17.

Gormley, J., Hamilton, M. & Belton, I. 2023. The Effectiveness of Sentencing Options on Reoffending. https://www.sentencingcouncil.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Effectiveness-of-Sentencing-Options-Review-FINAL.pdf

Hafizh, M. F., Kurniati, G., & Apriani, R. (2022). Role of Criminal Law in Falsification of Covid-19 Vaccine Certificates. Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan, 8(12), 190-197.

Hall, M. A., & Studdert, D. M. (2021). Vaccine passport” certification—policy and ethical considerations. New England Journal of Medicine, 385(11), 32.

Heghes, N. E. (2021). Counterfeiting of the EU Digital Covid Certificate. Offenses and Penalties for Forgery and Use of False Documents. SCIENTIA MORALITAS-International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 6(2), 41-48.

Hu, M., Jia, H., & Xie, Y. (2021). Passport to a Mighty Nation: Exploring sociocultural foundation of Chinese public’s attitude to COVID-19 vaccine certificates. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), 10439.

Humaspolri. (2021). Polres Karawang Luncurkan Aplikasi Lapor Pak Kapolres. https://www.humas.polri.go.id/2021/10/19/polres-karawang-luncurkan-aplikasi-lapor-pak kapolres/

Jumady, M. R. (2022). Komunikasi Bhabinkamtibma dalam menyampaikan pesan pencegahan COVID-19 terhadap warga Kelurahan Kebon Jeruk Tanjung Karang Timur. Ph.D. Thesis. UIN Raden Intan Lampung.

Kemenkes. (2021). Kementerian Kesehatan Apresiasi Penangkapan Pelaku Jasa Pembuatan Sertifikat Vaksin Covid-19 Ilegal. https://sehatnegeriku.kemkes.go.id/baca/rilis-media/20210914/1838480/kementerian-kesehatan-apresiasi-penangkapan-pelaku-jasa pembuatan-sertifikat-vaksin-covid-19-ilegal/

Khan, M. L., Malik, A., Ruhi, U., & Al-Busaidi, A. (2022). Conflicting attitudes: Analyzing social media data to understand the early discourse on COVID-19 passports. Technology in Society, 68, 1-9.

Kimberly C. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on people’s livelihoods, health and food systems, Joint statement by ILO, FAO, IFAD and WHO: World Health Organization. (p. 4-7). https://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2020-impact-of-covid-19-on-people’s-livelihoods-their health-and-our-food-systems

Kissi, J., Kusi Achampong, E., Kumasenu Mensah, N., Annobil, C., & Naa Lamptey, J. (2022). Moving towards Digitising COVID-19 Vaccination Certificate: A Systematic Review of Literature. Vaccines, 10(12)

Kotian, A. L., D'Souza, P., Suvarna, S., Shenoy, U., & SSoorinje, V. (2023). Covid-19 Verification and Supply Chain Management. International Journal of Engineering Management and Humanities, 4(3), 1-6.

Krisnawan, H., & Lubis, R. (2024). Analisa Implementasi Program Polisi Rw Dalam Mendukung Harkamtibmas Di Wilayah Hukum Polres Metro Bekasi Kota. Jurnal Ilmu Kepolisian, 18(1).

Kurnianto, T. A. (2021). Peran Kepolisian dalam Menjaga Stabilitas Keamanan Selama Penerapan Kebijakan PSBB. Jurnal Ilmu Kepolisian, 15(1), 11.

Lackerbauer, A. M., Lin, A. C., Krauss, O., Hearn, J., & Helm, E. (2018). A model for implementing an interoperable electronic consent form for medical treatment using HL7 FHIR. Eur J Biomed Inform, 14(3), 37-47.

Marhold, K., & Fell, J. (2021). Electronic vaccination certificates: avoiding a repeat of the contact-tracing ‘format wars’. Nature Medicine, 27(5), 738-739.

Marzo, R. R., Sami, W., Alam, M. Z., Acharya, S., Jermsittiparsert, K., Songwathana, K., & Yi, S. (2022). Hesitancy in COVID-19 vaccine uptake and its associated factors among the general adult population: a cross-sectional study in six Southeast Asian countries. Tropical medicine and health, 50, 1-10

MAWA Foundation. (2022). Undercover Investigation: How Health Workers Collect Bribes, Issue COVID‐19 Cards Without Vaccination. https://mawafd.org/2022/02/04/investigation-how-health-workers-collect-bribes-issue-covid-19-cards-without-vaccination/

Mbunge, E. (2020). Integrating emerging technologies into COVID-19 contact tracing: Opportunities, challenges and pitfalls. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14(6), 1631-1636.

Mbunge, E., Akinnuwesi, B., Fashoto, S. G., Metfula, A. S., & Mashwama, P. (2021). A critical review of emerging technologies for tackling COVID‐19 pandemic. Human behaviour and emerging technologies, 3(1), 25-39.

Mbunge, E., Dzinamarira, T., Fashoto, S. G., & Batani, J. (2021). Emerging technologies and COVID-19 digital vaccination certificates and passports. Public Health in Practice, 2, 1-2.

Megasari, N. L. A., Utsumi, T., Yamani, L. N., Juniastuti, Gunawan, E., Furukawa, K., Nishimura, M., Lusida, M.I.,& Mori, Y. (2021). Seroepidemiological study of SARS-CoV-2 infection in east Java, Indonesia. Plos one, 16(5), 1-9.

Mishra, V. (2022). Applications of blockchain for vaccine passport and challenges. Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing, 15(3), 345-362.

Nasri, U. (2023). Exploring Qualitative Research: A Comprehensive Guide to Case Study Methodology. Al-Hikmah. Jurnal Studi Islam, 4(3), 72-85.

Nasution, A. H. (2022). Analysis of The Criminal Elements of Forgery Article 263 Paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code JO Article 55 Paragraph (1) 1st of the Criminal Code in Covid-19 Free Certificate. International Socio-cultura Scientific Journal, 4(2), 572-580.

Nicole, D., Wongbusarakum, S., & Rosado-May, F. (2021). The role of Indigenous peoples and local communities in effective and equitable conservation. Ecology and Society, 26(3), 19.

OECD. (2020). Evaluating the Initial Impact of COVID-19 Containment Measures on Economic Activity. http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/evaluating-the-initial-impact-of-covid-19-containment-measures-on-economic-activity-b1f6b68b/

Pasyeka, O., Avramenko, O., Franchuk, V., Kuntii, A., & Marin, O. (2022). Criminal Remedies of Counteraction to Falsification Of Covid-19 Test Results. Med Law, 41(4), 627-642.

Patrolisiber. (2024a). About Us. https://www.patrolisiber.id/about-us/

Patrolisiber. (2024b). Submit Report. Patrolisiber. https://www.patrolisiber.id/submit-report/

Pengadilan Negeri Batam. (2021). Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Batam, Nomor 544/Pid.B/2021/PN.Btm.

Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Utara. (2021). Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Utara, Nomor 1337/Pid.B/2021/PN.Jkt.Utr.

Pengadilan Negeri Klaten. (2021). Pemalsuan Surat, Nomor 207/Pid.B/2021/PN.Kln.

Pengadilan Negeri Makassar. (2022). Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Makassar, Nomor 189/Pid.Sus/2022/PN.MKS.

Pengadilan Negeri Malang. (2021). Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Malang, Nomor 562/Pid.B/2021/PN.Mlg.

Pengadilan Negeri Surabaya. (2022). Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Surabaya, Nomor 985/Pid.B/2022/PN.Sby.

Petersen, E., Lucey, D., Blumberg, L., Kramer, L. D., Al-Abri, S., Lee, S. S., Pinto, T. C. A., Obiero, C. W., Rodriguez-Morales, A. J., Yapi, R., Abubakar, A., Tambyah, P. A., Holmes, A., & Chen, L. H. (2021) . COVID-19 vaccines under the International Health Regulations–We must use the WHO International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 104, 175-177.

Psarommatis, F., & May, G. (2023). A literature review and design methodology for digital twins in the era of zero defect manufacturing. International Journal of Production Research, 61(16), 5723-5743.

Punn, N. S., Sonbhadra, S. K., & Agarwal, S. (2020). COVID-19 epidemic analysis using machine learning and deep learning algorithms. MedRxiv, 2020-04.

Pusiknas. (2021). Pengguna Surat Keterangan Vaksin Palsu bakal Disidang. https://pusiknas.polri.go.id/detail_artikel/pengguna_surat_keterangan_vaksin_palsu_bakal_disidang_

Raj. A. (2021). Fake vaccine passports won’t get you anywhere this Christmas. https://techwireasia.com/12/2021/fake-vaccine-passports-wont-get-you-anywhere-this-christmas/

Rauf, H. T., Gao, J., Almadhor, A., Arif, M., & Nafis, M. T. (2021). RETRACTED ARTICLE: Enhanced bat algorithm for COVID-19 short-term forecasting using optimised LSTM. Soft Computing, 25(20), 12989-12999.

Rocha, I. C. N. (2022). How to avoid fake COVID-19 vaccine passports as a travel requirement? Journal of Public Health, 44(4), 608-609.

Rozaliyani, A., Savitri, A. I., Setianingrum, F., Shelly, T. N., Ratnasari, V., Kuswindarti, R., R, Salama, N., Oktavia, D., Widyastuti W., & Handayani, D. (2020). Factors associated with death in COVID-19 patients in Jakarta, Indonesia: an epidemiological study. Acta Med Indones, 52(3), 246-254.

Shah, H., Shah, M., Tanwar, S., & Kumar, N. (2024). RETRACTED ARTICLE: Blockchain for COVID-19: a comprehensive review. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 28(1), 13.

Sheth, D., & De Alcaraz‐Fossoul, J. (2024). Forensic examination of security features of the CDC‐issued COVID‐19 vaccination card and suggested improvements to minimise counterfeiting. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 69(2), 593-606.

Smith, K. (2021, December 22). The risk isn’t worth the reward’: How police, prosecutors are handling fake vaccine cards. WFXR. ReportFraud.FTC.gov.https://www.wfxrtv.com/news/health/coronavirus/fake-vaccine-cardmakers-sellers-facing-federal-charges/

The Guardian. (2021, August 13). French police investigate the rising number of fake Covid vaccine certificates. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/13/french-police-investigate-rising-number-of-fake-covid-vaccine-certificates

Wagner, A. L. (2019). The use and significance of vaccination cards. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 15(12), 2844-2846.

Whitelaw, S., Mamas, M. A., Topol, E., & Van Spall, H. G. (2020). Applications of digital technology in COVID-19 pandemic planning and response. The Lancet Digital Health, 2(8), 435-440.

Wibowo, S. (2021). Pencetakan Sertifikat Vaksin Oleh Pihak Swasta. Legacy: Jurnal Hukum dan Perundang-undangan, 1(2), 21-37.

World Health Organization. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019

World Health Organization. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. https://www.who.int/europe/emergencies/situations/covid-19#:~:text=Cases%20of%20novel%20coronavirus%20(nCoV,pandemic%20on%2011%20March%202020

World Health Organization. (2021). WHO advice for international traffic in relation to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529). https://www.who.int/news-room/articles-detail/who-advice-for-international-traffic-in-relation-to-the-sars-cov-2-omicron-variant

Worldometer. (2023). COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/indonesia/

Downloads

Published

2024-08-14

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.