Evidence-Based Policing as a Foundational Policing Model for the INP

This study aims to analyze whether the implementation of Evidence-Based Policing as a Foundational Policing Model for the INP can bring positive changes to police culture. Furthermore, this study tries to provide more effective and comprehensive solutions based on data and scientific studies in dealing with crime and social problems in society. During various challenges of policing and its consequences on public trust, a number of studies have examined the duties of the Police, especially the Republic of Indonesia National Police (INP), in maintaining security and public order, enforcing the law, protecting the public, and serving the community. Several contemporary policing models, such as Community Policing or Problem-Oriented Policing, have been suggested and implemented by the INP, although the parameters of its successful implementation continue to be a questionable issue. This article discusses how the concept of Evidence-Based Policing (EBP) – a new paradigm in policing – can better serve as a foundation for the Police in dealing with societal and criminal issues. EBP emphasizes scientific and evidence-based decision-making, enabling officers to avoid the biases that are frequently criticized in policing practices. By utilizing literature review and document analysis methods, this article examines existing policing models and demonstrates the importance of evidence-based approaches in improving INP performance. It also highlights the importance of consulting and collaborating with pracademics and international institutions that have successfully implemented EBP. The implementation of EBP is expected to lead to positive changes in policing culture – providing more effective and comprehensive solutions based on data and scientific studies to address crime and social problems in the community.


INTRODUCTION
Entering an era where there are lots of research done by many scholars surely support the police (Trojanowicz and Carter, 1988) conducting their work force especially the Indonesian National Police (INP) in maintaining public order, enforcing the law, protecting and serving the community (Republik Indonesia, 2002).In this modern time, the police become the focus on many reform efforts on how the police should do their work (Willis, 2014).Beginning from the development of modern policing model such as Community Policing up to this time where research and police practice exist to respond social, economic, and political powers (Willis, 2014).Those

Vol. 18, No. 2, 2024
Jurnal Ilmu Kepolisian Vol. 18, No. 2, 2024, pp. 177-190 178 developments on research and practice of policing caused emergence on discourses regarding accountability from policing itself as an activity in which it is utilized to preserve social order (Lister dan Rowe, 2016).
On the side of policing accountability, it surely depicts the police as a power that cannot be owned nor accessed by civilians (Lister dan Rowe, 2016).In such situation, it obliges the police to be able to raise the public confident and trust to its organization (Lister dan Rowe, 2016).In order to raise the public trust, the INP must own a certain mechanism to raise its accountability by switching their reactive paradigm, especially in combating many misconducts in the community to instead, becoming more proactive in developing their protective strategies to protect the public from the existing misconducts (Ivković, 2014).Such strategies must be reliable and held responsible scientifically in order to integrate the process of policing done by the INP with the existing scientific research findings which can be very helpful to the police in making evidence-based decisions on the field (Ratcliffe, 2023;Cherney, 2019).

Policing
Community Policing according to COPS office ( 2009) is a philosophy of policing which promotes various organizational strategies that supports the systematic utilization on partnership and proactive techniques of problem-solving aimed at circumstances related to public security and safety such as crime, public or social disorder, and the fear of crime.However, the community policing up to this moment becomes a problematic model of policing because as a nature, its success indicators are difficult and rough to evaluate because the needs of community that dynamically changes over time (Ratcliffe, 2008).
Community Policing has a very broad implementation that makes the police personnel struggle in difficulties of prioritizing which problems that must be solved, and which ones are the real problems that the police must focus on (Ratcliffe, 2008).Although the implementation of this model of policing looks simple and easy to practice, the implementation itself becomes significantly challenging for the police (Ratcliffe, 2008).The main focus of community policing is to raise the police legitimacy in the community that have lost its trust in the police as a whole (Ratcliffe, 2016).
By having a very broad success indicator, then the designed and constructed programs related to this model keeps on changing depends on what interest the community has (Skogan, 2006).
The situation above makes the Community Policing model becomes an easy to plan but difficult to be done model (Ratcliffe, 2016).Many methods conducted with Community Policing model are executed without any detailed and obvious indicators of its goals (Ratcliffe, 2016).Even though according to the existing research state that the programs run under the Community Policing 179 model shows positive responds from the community (Purba et al., 2021), Community Policing itself has very limited impacts on the crime phenomenon and the "fear of crime" (Gill et al., 2014).
A policing model which conceptually attached altogether with Community Policing is Problem-Oriented Policing (Goldstein, 1990).The concept of Problem-Oriented Policing as explained further by Goldstein (1990) where the police focus on solving the existing problems in the community and synergically utilizes the role of the community as well.The community also able to assess the participation of the police in solving the existing problems revolving them (Goldstein, 1990).In that case, the police personnel which is task as a Community Policing officer is responsible for solving the problems that existed in the community (Ratcliffe, 2008).
In its implementation, Problem-Oriented Policing analyses, assesses and reviews problems by using the SARA model which consists of Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment (Eck and Spelman, 1987).Braga and Weisburd (2006) describe the SARA model as follows: a. Scanning as a stage where the identification of existing problems.
b. Analysis serves as a stage that obliges and challenges the police personnel to be able to analyze the source or cause of the existing problems.
c. Responses is a stage where after problems are defined and analyzed, police personnel that face new challenges must be able to design and develop effective responses towards those problems.
d. Assessment becomes the final stage of the model which assesses the impacts from the designed responses from the police to solve problems.
Beginning from the stages of Scanning until Assessment, the police is demanded to perform accountably to utilize the existing resources and forces the police to study and learn which methods are effective to face certain problems (Braga and Weisburd, 2006).But, from these steps, especially assessment, it is found that the assessment on the designed and conducted responses are only produced data that characteristically anecdotal or impressionistic (generally and less detailed) (Scott dan Clarke).This matter also supported by Collier (2001) who argued that in the police, trainings that have been undertaken are mostly based on an individual experience where police personnel only learn with critical analysis on their own experience and others.
Making decision by using opinion or individual experience is called as confirmation bias.
According to Ratcliffe (2023), confirmation bias is a tendency of humans to interpret evidence and information by using a method that is supported by what they personally believe.Such decisionmaking action will possibly own development and expansion if the conduct is evidence-based.
Relatable to the police work, Evidence-Based Policing becomes the policing model that is able to help and support every decision-making in conducting policing.This is quite similar to what existed in medicine research in which a police service needs to evolve their "body of evidence-based knowledge" to support and strengthen its profession (Pepper et al., 2020).

Vol. 18, No. 2, 2024
Jurnal Ilmu Kepolisian Vol. 18, No. 2, 2024, pp.177-190 180 The concept of Evidence-Based Policing started from the emergence of evidence-based practice in the field of health and medic in the 1990s (Trinder, 2000).Trinder (2000) also added that the concept of evidence-based practice stands as an endless progress, and it does not stop nor limited in the field of medic but also adoptable in other professional fields.The emergence of this concept is caused by the gap between research and practice (Lumsden, 2016;Lumsden and Goode, 2018) where Trinder (2000) described the business-as-usual practice is based on: a. Basic knowledge that is gained from the primary training.
b. Personal experience, opinion and prejudice.
c. Results from previous cases that are faced and handled personally.
d.The trend at that time.
e. Senior and colleagues' recommendation.
Apart from research-practice gap, the emergence of evidence-based practice is also caused by the practice which was not juga evidence-based (Trinder, 2000).Such practice, that also included in the context of policing, is possible to be adopted and finally gave birth to the concept of Evidence-Based policing itself.As stated by Sherman (2013), to be able to target harm caused by crime, police should do good research on predictable elements of crime and disorder.Sherman (2013) further explained that by reviewing and testing police methods to reduce harm helps the police to use research to focus on tracking the effects of policing practices and "public perceptions of police legitimacy".Hence, Sherman (2013) called those explained principles of Evidence-Based Policing as the triple-T strategy (targeting, testing, and tracking).
Evidence-Based Policing is a policing model that resists and challenges the basic of decisionmaking which is based on a personal / bias experience and intuition because both of them will not be enough to design a project in order to improve policing (Ratcliffe, 2023).The "early adopters" of Evidence-Based Policing face many challenges such as their colleagues opposing their practice (Sherman, 2015).Evidence here is defined as scientific evidence which in contrast to what people usually known as crime evidence that is gathered by the police to conduct investigation and bring them to the court (Ratcliffe, 2023).Therefore, Evidence-Based Policing can also be defined as a utilization of data, analysis, and research to complete experience and professional decision-making to prepare the best possible policing method to the public (Cordner 2020).review and document analysis.The author uses this method to synthesize research founding to show evidence and reveal areas that are necessary for conducting research (Snyder, 2019).Snyder (2019) also added that literature review is helpful on a condition when a researcher wishes to evaluate a certain theory or checking its validity or accuracy with other theories (Tranfield et al., 2003).
Literature review also holds an important role as a basic and foundation of most conducted research because it provides the principles of the development of science and can also build new ideas and direction in a certain field of study (Snyder, 2019).Document analysis explores official documents from the government or state, digital media, and so on (Clark et al. 2021).Document analysis in this written article is briefly to discuss about the practice of the current policing models done by the INP.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Based on the existing literatures (Marwiyah, 2014;Rifai, 2018;Koni, 2019;dan Verjenia, 2020), by far, the INP has tried to implement one of the policing models discussed above which is There are lots of systematic errors that can be reduced if an organization can learn not only from small existing incidents but also other small and big yet detailed incidents which are almost missed by the organization (Ratcliffe, 2023).
Evidence-Based Policing serves as a brand-new paradigm in policing conceptually how that doing research on a certain problem is inefficient but there also must be proactive efforts to push the accumulated research findings and evidence through national and community guidelines (Sherman, 1998).At this point, there has not been any evidence that the conduct of Community Policing in Policing (Saputra et al., 2023) without any comprehensive and supporting research data.A common obstacle in adopting this new paradigm in policing is due to the resistance of the police themselves in depending on academic research (Canter, 2000;Thacher, 2008).
Practices of policing remains highly cost and untested (Sherman, 2013).Sherman (2013) also pointed that usage of evidence by police, if enhanced, it can increase police legitimacy both internally and externally which also in-line with the nature of Community Policing (Ratcliffe, 2016).Sherman (2013) also suggested that the creation of faculties of policing should be embodied in universities in order for evidence-based practice to be fully operational just as medical schools.This will further This article is written to hold a discourse on how the concept of Evidence-Based Policing becomes a good foundation alongside a better alternative for the INP to conduct its policing in order to handle social or criminal problems in this modern era.With the previous existing models of policing such as Community Policing and Problem-Oriented Policing, the suggested model (Evidence-Based Policing) will stand as a comparison to those models.Particularly in terms of decision-making on handling and preventing crime, the INP's dependency on an evidence-based decisions up to this point will be discussed in this article.The first chapter holds a discussion on a background of this written article with the topic above, the second chapter explains the author's method to write this article, the third chapter holds a discourse on theories and concepts from models of policing that the INP tried to implement as well as the existence of the focused model of policing in this article (Evidence-Based Policing), the third chapter discusses on why Evidence-Based Policing serves as suggested model to support others, and lastly, the fourth chapter as a conclusion.Based on the background, the study aims to enlighten the importance and necessity of Evidence-Based Policing in the INP.METHOD This article's collection of data on the discourses on Evidence-Based Policing uses literature The documents that are analyzed in this article consists of the INP rule, Chief of the INP rule, the Constitution Law of Indonesian Republic, and the Indonesian Republic law that regulates the main tasks and responsibilities of the INP.The brief discourse on those documents is due to the limitation in research on the field of Evidence-Based Policing in Indonesia by the INP.
community policing.Community Policing in which up to this moment is understood by the INP based on the INP Rule (Peraturan Polri or Perpol) Number 1 Year 2021 on Community Policing is considered crucial to solve variety of problems including crime in the community (Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia, 2021).However, this model of Community Policing must be able to be realized in an evidence-based practice in order to be produce Evidence-Based Policing.Until now, the implementation of Community Policing and Problem-Oriented Policing by the INP which is embodied in certain activities are not yet discovered using a scientific cycle method.This is due to the lack of literatures which recorded policing practices which conducted based on such cycle.This scientific cycle method consists of identification of a specific problem, conducting research on what serves as the background of the problem, developing hypotheses and research questions, undertaking experiment or learning, analysis on existing research results and drawing conclusions, conducting peer review and publications of research findings, as well as replicating and developing research on that problem (Ratcliffe, 2023).This method is empowered because until now there has not been any research in Indonesia that held discourses on the implementation of Community Policing and Problem-Oriented Policing by the INP which is based on Evidence-Based Policing.Then, the non-existent of research or documents of the INP on the utilization of evidencebased policing matrix to do policing also proves that those two models still need more space for improvements in the future for development with a strong foundation on Evidence-Based Policing.With basics of the two models of policing (Community Policing and Problem-Oriented Policing) which have constantly changing targets or goals depending on the community's circumstance will of course need a strong research foundation.In order to conduct strong research to succeed the implementation of Evidence-Based Policing, the police in this case the INP, can also receive and consult the problems with scholars or pracademics (practitioner and academic) can be very useful to produce solutions (Ratcliffe, 2023).Related to the element of Problem-Oriented Policing within Community Policing itself, by far, the INP personnel only know how to do that policing model based on Perpol Number 1 Year 2021 (which was previously regulated in the Rule of Chief of The INP / Perkap Number 3 Year 2015) on Community Policing(Koni, 2019) and was found that it has no basic scientific guidance on how to identify and analyze root causes of problems.
Indonesia done by the INP uses or based on scientific research.Some of the scholars of Community Policing who wrote about Community Policing only discuss about a technical conduct of Community